Σουμπάς Τσάντρα Μπος
Ο Σουμπάς Τσάντρα Μπος (23 Ιανουαρίου 1897 - 18 Αυγούστου 1945) [10] [α] ήταν Ινδός εθνικιστής του οποίου ο πατριωτισμός του τον έκανε ήρωα στην Ινδία, [11] [β] [12] [γ] [13] [δ] αλλά οι προσπάθειες του κατά τη διάρκεια του Β' Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου να απαλλάξει την Ινδία από τη Βρετανική κυριαρχία με τη βοήθεια της Ναζιστικής Γερμανίας και της Αυτοκρατορικής Ιαπωνίας άφησε μια προβληματική κληρονομιά. [14] [ε] [15] [ζ] [11] [η] Ο τιμητικός τίτλος Νετατζί (ινδουστανικά: "Σεβαστός ηγέτης"), που δόθηκε για πρώτη φορά στις αρχές του 1942 στον Μπος στη Γερμανία από τους Ινδούς στρατιώτες της Ινδικής Λεγεώνας και από Γερμανούς και Ινδούς αξιωματούχους στο Ειδικό Γραφείο για την Ινδία στο Βερολίνο, χρησιμοποιήθηκε αργότερα σε όλη την Ινδία.[17] [θ]
Ο Μπος ήταν αρχηγός της νεότερης, ριζοσπαστικής πτέρυγας του Ινδικού Εθνικού Κογκρέσου στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 1920 και του 1930, ενώ έγινε Πρόεδρος του Κογκρέσου το 1938 και το 1939.[15] [ι] Ωστόσο, εκδιώχθηκε από τις ηγετικές θέσεις του Κογκρέσου το 1939 μετά από διαφωνίες του με τον Μαχάτμα Γκάντι και την ανώτατη ηγεσία του Κογκρέσου.[20] Στη συνέχεια τέθηκε υπό κατ' οίκον περιορισμό από τους Βρετανούς πριν δραπετεύσει από την Ινδία το 1940. [21]
Ο Μπος έφτασε στη Γερμανία τον Απρίλιο του 1941, όπου η ηγεσία προσέφερε απροσδόκητη, αν και μερικές φορές αμφισβητούμενη, συμπάθεια για τον σκοπό της ανεξαρτησίας της Ινδίας, σε αντίθεση με τις στάσεις της απέναντι σε άλλους αποικισμένους λαούς και εθνοτικές κοινότητες. [22] [23] Τον Νοέμβριο του 1941, με Γερμανική χρηματοδότηση, δημιουργήθηκε ένα Κέντρο Ελεύθερης Ινδίας στο Βερολίνο, και σύντομα ένα Ραδιόφωνο Ελεύθερης Ινδίας, στο οποίο ο Μπος διατηρούσε βραδυνή εκπομπή. Επίσης δημιουργήθηκε η Ελεύθερη Λεγεώνα της Ινδίας, αποτελούμενη από 3000 Ινδούς που είχαν συλληφθεί από τα Άφρικα Κορπς του Έρβιν Ρόμελ, για να βοηθήσει σε μια πιθανή μελλοντική Γερμανική εισβολή στην Ινδία. [24] Μέχρι την άνοιξη του 1942, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τις Ιαπωνικές νίκες στη νοτιοανατολική Ασία και τις μεταβαλλόμενες Γερμανικές προτεραιότητες, μια Γερμανική εισβολή στην Ινδία έγινε αδύνατη και ο Μπος έγινε πρόθυμος να μετακομίσει στη νοτιοανατολική Ασία. [22] Ο Αδόλφος Χίτλερ, στη μοναδική του συνάντηση με τον Μπος στα τέλη Μαΐου 1942, πρότεινε το ίδιο και προσέφερε ένα υποβρύχιο για τη μεταφορά του. [22] Κατά τη διάρκεια αυτής της περιόδου ο Μπος έγινε πατέρας. Η σύζυγός του, [25] ή σύντροφος, [17] [κ] Έμιλι Σκενκλ, την οποία είχε γνωρίσει το 1934, γέννησε ένα κοριτσάκι το Νοέμβριο του 1942. [25] [22] Ταυτιζόμενος έντονα πλέον με τις δυνάμεις του Άξονα, και χωρίς ενοχές, ο Μπος επιβιβάστηκε σε ένα Γερμανικό υποβρύχιο τον Φεβρουάριο του 1943. [22] [27] Μέσω της Μαδαγασκάρης, μεταφέρθηκε σε ένα Ιαπωνικό υποβρύχιο από το οποίο αποβιβάστηκε στη κατεχόμενη από την Ιαπωνία Σουμάτρα τον Μάιο του 1943. [22]
Με την Ιαπωνική υποστήριξη, ο Μπος αναγέννησε τον Ινδικό Εθνικό Στρατό (ΙΕΣ), που αποτελούνταν από Ινδούς στρατιώτες του Βρετανικού Ινδικού στρατού που είχαν συλληφθεί στη Μάχη της Σιγκαπούρης. [28] Μετά την άφιξη του Μπος, στρατολογήθηκαν και άμαχοι Ινδοί από τη Μαλαισία και τη Σιγκαπούρη. Οι Ιάπωνες υποστήριζαν μια σειρά ελεγχόμενων και προσωρινών κυβερνήσεων στις περιοχές που είχαν καταλάβει, όπως αυτές στη Βιρμανία, τις Φιλιππίνες και το Μαντσουκούο. Σύντομα ιδρύθηκε η Προσωρινή Κυβέρνηση της Ελεύθερης Ινδίας, υπό την προεδρία του Μπος, με έδρα τα νησιά Ανταμάν και Νικομπάρ που κατέλαβαν οι Ιάπωνες. [28] [29] [λ] Ο Μπος είχε μεγάλο κίνητρο και χάρισμα - δημιούργησε δημοφιλή Ινδικά συνθήματα, όπως το " Τζαϊ Χιντ ", - και ο ΙΕΣ υπό τον Μπόσε ήταν ένα μοντέλο ποικιλομορφίας ανά περιοχή, εθνικότητα, θρησκεία και ακόμη και στο φύλο. Ωστόσο, ο Μπος θεωρήθηκε από τους Ιάπωνες στρατιωτικά ατάλαντος, [30] [μ] και η στρατιωτική του προσπάθεια ήταν βραχύβια. Στα τέλη του 1944 και στις αρχές του 1945, ο Βρετανικός Ινδικός Στρατός σταμάτησε την Ιαπωνική επίθεση στην Ινδία και στη συνέχεια πραγματοποίησε μια, καταστροφική για τους Ιάπωνες αντεπίθεση. Σχεδόν οι μισές Ιαπωνικές δυνάμεις και η μισή δύναμη του ΙΕΣ σκοτώθηκαν. [31] [ν] Ο ΙΕΣ αποσύρθηκε στη χερσόνησο της Μαλαισίας και παραδόθηκε με την ανακατάληψη της Σιγκαπούρης. Ο Μπος είχε επιλέξει νωρίτερα να μην παραδοθεί με τις δυνάμεις του ή με τους Ιάπωνες, αλλά να δραπετεύσει στη Μαντζουρία με σκοπό να μετακομίσει στη Σοβιετική Ένωση που πίστευε ότι στρεφόταν εναντίον των Βρετανών. Πέθανε από εγκαύματα τρίτου βαθμού από την πτώση του αεροπλάνου του στην Ταϊβάν . [33] [ξ] Ωστόσο, ορισμένοι Ινδοί δεν πίστευαν ότι υπήρξε ατύχημα,[13] [ο] με αρκετούς από αυτούς, ειδικά στη Βεγγάλη, να πιστεύουν ότι ο Μπος θα επέστρεφε για να επιτύχει την ανεξαρτησία της Ινδίας. [34] [π] [35] [ρ] [37] [σ]
Το Ινδικό Εθνικό Κογκρέσο, το κύριο όργανο του Ινδικού εθνικισμού, επαίνεσε τον πατριωτισμό του Μπος, αλλά δεν υιοθέτησε ούτε επαίνεσε την τακτική και την ιδεολογία του, [38] [τ] ειδικά τη συνεργασία του με τον Άξονα. [39] Η Βρετανική Διοίκηση, αν και ποτέ δεν απειλήθηκε σοβαρά από τον ΙΕΣ, [40] [υ] [42] [φ] κατηγόρησε 300 αξιωματικούς του ΙΕΣ για προδοσία στις δίκες του ΙΕΣ, αλλά τελικά απέσυρε τις κατηγορίες, μπροστά στο πρόσωπο τόσο του λαϊκού συναισθήματος όσο και του δικού της σκοπού. [43] [χ] [39] [11]
Υποσημειώσεις
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]Σημειώσεις
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]- ↑ "If all else failed (Bose) wanted to become a prisoner of the Soviets: 'They are the only ones who will resist the British. My fate is with them. But as the Japanese plane took off from Taipei airport its engines faltered and then failed. Bose was badly burned in the crash. According to several witnesses, he died on 18 August in a Japanese military hospital, talking to the very last of India's freedom. British and Indian commissions later established convincingly that Bose had died in Taiwan. These were legendary and apocalyptic times, however. Having witnessed the first Indian leader to fight against the British since the great mutiny of 1857, many in both Southeast Asia and India refused to accept the loss of their hero. Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945.[10]
- ↑ "His romantic saga, coupled with his defiant nationalism, has made Bose a near-mythic figure, not only in his native Bengal, but across India."[11]
- ↑ "Bose's heroic endeavor still fires the imagination of many of his countrymen. But like a meteor which enters the earth's atmosphere, he burned brightly on the horizon for a brief moment only."[12]
- ↑ "Subhas Bose might have been a renegade leader who had challenged the authority of the Congress leadership and their principles. But in death he was a martyred patriot whose memory could be an ideal tool for political mobilization."[13]
- ↑ "The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of Gandhi end up with Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react."[14]
- ↑ "To many (Congress leaders), Bose's programme resembled that of the Japanese fascists, who were in the process of losing their gamble to achieve Asian ascendancy through war. Nevertheless, the success of his soldiers in Burma had stirred as much patriotic sentiment among Indians as the sacrifices of imprisoned Congress leaders.[16]
- ↑ "Marginalized within Congress and a target for British surveillance, Bose chose to embrace the fascist powers as allies against the British and fled India, first to Hitler's Germany, then, on a German submarine, to a Japanese-occupied Singapore. The force that he put together ... known as the Indian National Army (INA) and thus claiming to represent free India, saw action against the British in Burma but accomplished little toward the goal of a march on Delhi. ... Bose himself died in an aeroplane crash trying to reach Japanese-occupied territory in the last months of the war. ... It is this heroic, martial myth that is today remembered, rather than Bose's wartime vision of a free India under the authoritarian rule of someone like himself."[11]
- ↑ "Another small, but immediate, issue for the civilians in Berlin and the soldiers in training was how to address Subhas Bose. Vyas has given his view of how the term was adopted: 'one of our [soldier] boys came forward with "Hamare Neta". We improved upon it: "Netaji"... It must be mentioned, that Subhas Bose strongly disapproved of it. He began to yield only when he saw our military group ... firmly went on calling him "Netaji"'. (Alexander) Werth also mentioned adoption of 'Netaji' and observed accurately, that it '... combined a sense both of affection and honour ...' It was not meant to echo 'Fuehrer' or 'Duce', but to give Subhas Bose a special Indian form of reverence and this term has been universally adopted by Indians everywhere in speaking about him."[18]
- ↑ "Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose were among those who, impatient with Gandhi's programmes and methods, looked upon socialism as an alternative for nationalistic policies capable of meeting the country's economic and social needs, as well as a link to potential international support."[19]
- ↑ "Although we must take Emilie Schenkl at her word (about her secret marriage to Bose in 1937), there are a few nagging doubts about an actual marriage ceremony because there is no document that I have seen and no testimony by any other person. ... Other biographers have written that Bose and Miss Schenkl were married in 1942, while Krishna Bose, implying 1941, leaves the date ambiguous. The strangest and most confusing testimony comes from A. C. N. Nambiar, who was with the couple in Badgastein briefly in 1937, and was with them in Berlin during the war as second-in-command to Bose. In an answer to my question about the marriage, he wrote to me in 1978: 'I cannot state anything definite about the marriage of Bose referred to by you, since I came to know of it only a good while after the end of the last world war ... I can imagine the marriage having been a very informal one ...'... So what are we left with? ... We know they had a close passionate relationship and that they had a child, Anita, born November 29, 1942, in Vienna. ... And we have Emilie Schenkl's testimony that they were married secretly in 1937. Whatever the precise dates, the most important thing is the relationship."[26]
- ↑ "Tojo turned over all his Indian POWs to Bose's command, and in October 1943 Bose announced the creation of a Provisional Government of Azad ("Free") India, of which he became head of state, prime minister, minister of war, and minister of foreign affairs. Some two million Indians were living in Southeast Asia when the Japanese seized control of that region, and these emigrees were the first "citizens" of that government, founded under the "protection" of Japan and headquartered on the "liberated" Andaman Islands. Bose declared war on the United States and Great Britain the day after his government was established. In January 1944 he moved his provisional capital to Rangoon and started his Indian National Army on their march north to the battle cry of the Meerut mutineers: "Chalo Delhi!"[29]
- ↑ "At the same time that the Japanese appreciated the firmness with which Bose's forces continued to fight, they were endlessly exasperated with him. A number of Japanese officers, even those like Fujiwara, who were devoted to the Indian cause, saw Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who saw only his own needs and problems and could not see the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to."[30]
- ↑ "Gracey consoled himself that Bose's Indian National Army had also been in action against his Indians and Gurkhas but had been roughly treated and almost annihilated; when the survivors tried to surrender, they tended to fall foul of the Gurkhas' dreaded kukri."[32]
- ↑ "The good news Wavell reported was that the RAF had just recently flown enough of its planes into Manipur's capital of Imphal to smash Netaji ("Leader") Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army (INA) that had advanced to its outskirts before the monsoon began. Bose's INA consisted of about 20,000 of the British Indian soldiers captured by the Japanese in Singapore, who had volunteered to serve under Netaji Bose when he offered them "Freedom" if they were willing to risk their "Blood" to gain Indian independence a year earlier. The British considered Bose and his "army of traitors" no better than their Japanese sponsors, but to most of Bengal's 50 million Indians, Bose was a great national hero and potential "Liberator." The INA was stopped before entering Bengal, first by monsoon rains and then by the RAF, and forced to retreat, back through Burma and down its coast to the Malay peninsula. In May 1945, Bose would fly out of Saigon on an overloaded Japanese plane, headed for Taiwan, which crash-landed and burned. Bose suffered third-degree burns and died in the hospital on Formosa."[33]
- ↑ "The retreat was even more devastating, finally ending the dream of gaining Indian independence through military campaign. But Bose still remained optimistic, thought of regrouping after the Japanese surrender, contemplated seeking help from Soviet Russia. The Japanese agreed to provide him transport up to Manchuria from where he could travel to Russia. But on his way, on 18 August 1945 at Taihoku airport in Taiwan, he died in an air crash, which many Indians still believe never happened."[13]
- ↑ "There are still some in India today who believe that Bose remained alive and in Soviet custody, a once and future king of Indian independence. The legend of 'Netaii' Bose's survival helped bind together the defeated INA. In Bengal it became an assurance of the province's supreme importance in the liberation of the motherland. It sustained the morale of many across India and Southeast Asia who deplored the return of British power or felt alienated from the political settlement finally achieved by Gandhi and Nehru.[34]
- ↑ "On 21 March 1944, Subhas Bose and advanced units of the INA crossed the borders of India, entering Manipur, and by May they had advanced to the outskirts of that state's capital, Imphal. That was the closest Bose came to Bengal, where millions of his devoted followers awaited his army's "liberation." The British garrison at Imphal and its air arm withstood Bose's much larger force long enough for the monsoon rains to defer all possibility of warfare in that jungle region for the three months the British so desperately needed to strengthen their eastern wing. Bose had promised his men freedom in exchange for their blood, but the tide of battle turned against them after the 1944 rains, and in May 1945 the INA surrendered in Rangoon. Bose escaped on the last Japanese plane to leave Saigon, but he died in Formosa after a crash landing there in August. By that time, however, his death had been falsely reported so many times that a myth soon emerged in Bengal that Netaji Subhas Chandra was alive—raising another army in China or Tibet or the Soviet Union—and would return with it to "liberate" India.[36]
- ↑ "Subhas Bose was dead, killed in 1945 in a plane crash in the Far East, even though many of his devotees waited—as Barbarossa's disciples had done in another time and in another country—for their hero's second coming."[37]
- ↑ "The thrust of Sarkar's thought, like that of Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Bose, was to challenge the idea that 'the average Indian is indifferent to life', as R. K. Kumaria put it. India once possessed an energised, Machiavellian political culture. All it needed was a hero (rather than a Gandhi-style saint) to revive the culture and steer India to life and freedom through violent contentions of world forces (vishwa shakti) represented in imperialism, fascism and socialism."[38]
- ↑ "The (Japanese) Fifteenth Army, commanded by ... Maj.-General Mutuguchi Renya consisted of three experienced infantry divisions – 15th, 31st and 33rd – totalling 100,000 combat troops, with the 7,000 strong 1st Indian National Army (INA) Division in support. It was hoped the latter would subvert the Indian Army's loyalty and precipitate a popular rising in British India, but in reality the campaign revealed that it was largely a paper tiger."[41]
- ↑ "The real fault, however, must attach to the Japanese commander-in-chief Kawabe. Dithering, ... prostrated with amoebic dysentery, he periodically reasoned that he must cancel Operation U-Go in its entirety, but every time he summoned the courage to do so, a cable would arrive from Tokyo stressing the paramount necessity of victory in Burma, to compensate for the disasters in the Pacific. ... Even more incredibly, he still hoped for great things from Bose and the INA, despite all the evidence that both were busted flushes."[42]
- ↑ "The claim is even made that without the Japanese-influenced 'Indian National Army' under Subhas Chandra Bose, India would not have achieved independence in 1947; though those who make claim seem unaware of the mood of the British people in 1945 and of the attitude of the newly-elected Labour government to the Indian question."[43]
Παραπομπές
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Εθνική Βιβλιοθήκη της Γαλλίας: (Γαλλικά) καθιερωμένοι όροι της Εθνικής Βιβλιοθήκης της Γαλλίας. 12153094j. Ανακτήθηκε στις 10 Οκτωβρίου 2015.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 (Αγγλικά) SNAC. w63x905q. Ανακτήθηκε στις 9 Οκτωβρίου 2017.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 (Γερμανικά) Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μπρόκχαους. bose-subhas-chandra. Ανακτήθηκε στις 9 Οκτωβρίου 2017.
- ↑ «Большая советская энциклопедия» (Ρωσικά) Η Μεγάλη Ρωσική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια. Μόσχα. 1969. Ανακτήθηκε στις 28 Σεπτεμβρίου 2015.
- ↑ (Standard Taiwanese Mandarin) www
.twmemory .org?p=11843. Ανακτήθηκε στις 18 Αυγούστου 2020. - ↑ (Standard Taiwanese Mandarin) www
.thenewslens .com /article /50777. Ανακτήθηκε στις 18 Αυγούστου 2020. - ↑ Ανακτήθηκε στις 20 Ιουνίου 2019.
- ↑ Ανακτήθηκε στις 20 Ιουνίου 2019.
- ↑ www
.kmcgov .in /KMCPortal /jsp /MayorsKolkata .jsp. Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Ιανουαρίου 2021. - ↑ 10,0 10,1 Bayly & Harper 2007, σελ. 2.
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, σελ. 210.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Kulke & Rothermund 2004, σελ. 311.
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Bandyopādhyāẏa 2004, σελ. 427.
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Hayes 2011, σελ. 165.
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Stein 2010.
- ↑ Stein 2010, σελίδες 345.
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 Gordon 1990.
- ↑ Gordon 1990, σελίδες 459–460.
- ↑ Stein 2010, σελίδες 305,325.
- ↑ Low 2002, σελ. 297.
- ↑ Low 2002, σελ. 313.
- ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 22,3 22,4 22,5 Hayes 2011.
- ↑ Hayes 2011, σελ. 152.
- ↑ Hayes 2011, σελ. 76.
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 Hayes 2011, σελ. 15.
- ↑ Gordon 1990, σελίδες 344–345.
- ↑ Bose 2005, σελ. 255.
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 Low 1993.
- ↑ 29,0 29,1 Wolpert 2000, σελ. 339.
- ↑ 30,0 30,1 Gordon 1990, σελ. 517.
- ↑ McLynn 2011.
- ↑ McLynn 2011, σελίδες 295–296.
- ↑ 33,0 33,1 Wolpert 2009, σελ. 69.
- ↑ 34,0 34,1 Bayly & Harper 2007, σελ. 22.
- ↑ Wolpert 2000.
- ↑ Wolpert 2000, σελίδες 339–340.
- ↑ 37,0 37,1 Chatterji 2007, σελ. 278.
- ↑ 38,0 38,1 Bayly 2012, σελ. 283.
- ↑ 39,0 39,1 Bayly & Harper 2007, σελ. 21.
- ↑ Moreman 2013.
- ↑ Moreman 2013, σελίδες 124–125.
- ↑ 42,0 42,1 McLynn 2011, σελ. 429.
- ↑ 43,0 43,1 Allen 2012, σελ. 179.
Βιβλιογραφία
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]- Allen, Louis (2012), «The Campaigns in Asia and the Pacific», στο: John Gooch, επιμ., Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War, London: Routledge, σελ. 162–191, ISBN 978-1-136-28888-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=8zYVvfZb_I4C
- Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara (2004), From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC
- Bhattacharjee, CS (23 January 2012), World believes Netaji was married, but not his party, Kolkata, http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/world-believes-netaji-was-married-but-not-his-party/14/29019/, ανακτήθηκε στις 13 February 2016
- Bayly, Christopher Alan (2012), Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-50518-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC
- Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Timothy (2007), Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-02153-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=0M4Pl_VCExgC
- Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors
- Bose, Sarmila (2005), «Love in the Time of War: Subhas Chandra Bose's Journeys to Nazi Germany (1941) and towards the Soviet Union (1945)», Economic and Political Weekly 40 (3): 249–56
- Bose, Sisir; Bose, Sugata (1997), «The India Struggle», Hindustan Times, http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/netaji/hisbooks_6.htm, ανακτήθηκε στις 6 February 2016
- Bose, Sisir; Bose, Sugata, επιμ.. (1997a), The Essential Writings of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Delhi: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195648546
- Bose, Sisir; Werth, Alexander; Jog, Narayan Gopal; Ayer, Subbier Appadurai (1996), Beacon Across Asia: A Biography of Subhas Chandra Bose, Orient Blackswan
- Bose, Subhas (2002), Bose, Sisir; Bose, Sugata, επιμ., Azad Hind: writings and speeches, 1941–1943, Netaji Research Bureau, ISBN 8178240343, https://books.google.com/books?id=dY01USy7PlcC&pg=PA13
- Bose, Sugata (2011), His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-04754-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=g-pfHRAD03AC
- Chakraborty, Phani Bhusan; Bhaṭṭācārya, Brajendrakumāra (1989), News behind newspapers: a study of the Indian press, Minerva Associates (Publications), ISBN 978-81-85195-16-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=M_xkAAAAMAAJ
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- Chattopadhyay, Subhas Chandra (1989), Subhas Chandra Bose: man, mission, and means, Minerva Associates, https://books.google.com/books?id=AOdHAAAAMAAJ
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- Loiwal, Manogya (18 January 2017a), President Pranab Mukherjee unveils Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's 1937 Wanderer W24 in Kolkata, India Today, http://indiatoday.intoday.in/auto/story/president-pranab-mukherjee-unveils-netaji-subhash-chandra-boses-1937-wanderer-w24-in-kolkata/1/860515.html, ανακτήθηκε στις 20 February 2017
- Loiwal, Manogya (19 January 2017b), «Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's favourite car restored; unveiled in Kolkata», India Today, http://indiatoday.intoday.in/auto/story/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-wanderer-w24-restored-unveiled-in-kolkata-president-india-pranab-mukherjee/1/861051.html, ανακτήθηκε στις 20 February 2017
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- Moreman, Tim (2013), The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-135-76456-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoy_-Ep_0EC
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- Pandohar, Jaspreet (16 May 2005), Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero (2005), BBC, https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/05/24/bose_the_forgotten_hero_2005_review.shtml, ανακτήθηκε στις 2 May 2016
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- Patil, V.S. (1988), Subhas Chandra Bose, his contribution to Indian nationalism, Sterling Publishers, https://books.google.com/books?id=tkpuAAAAMAAJ
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Περεταίρω ανάγνωση
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]- Aldrich, Richard J. (2000), Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-64186-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=D86lnjjU7PIC
- Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Timothy (2005), Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01748-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=qXH9xGCWjYUC
- Bose, Madhuri (10 February 2014), Emilie Schenkl, Mrs Subhas Chandra Bose, https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/emilie-schenkl-mrs-subhas-chandra-bose/289363, ανακτήθηκε στις 28 December 2018
- Brown, Judith Margaret (1994), Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-873112-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ
- Chauhan, Abnish Singh (2006), Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study, Prakash Book Depot, ISBN 9788179771495, https://books.google.com/books?id=IdjPPgAACAAJ
- Copland, Ian (2001), India, 1885–1947: the unmaking of an empire, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-38173-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ
- Gordon, Leonard A. (2006), «Legend and Legacy: Subhas Chandra Bose», India International Centre Quarterly 33 (1): 103–12
- Kumar, Dr. Ravindra (15 October 2010a), Vithalbhai J. Patel: A Great Freedom Fighter and Parliamentarian, https://newsblaze.com/world/south-asia/vithalbhai-j-patel-a-great-freedom-fighter-and-parliamentarian_15928/, ανακτήθηκε στις 23 January 2019
- Lebra, Joyce Chapman (2008b), Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-981-230-809-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=fuw1Wt1-O7EC
- Marston, Daniel (2014), The Indian Army and the End of the Raj, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-89975-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR9GAwAAQBAJ
- Pelinka, Anton (2003), Democracy Indian Style: Subhas Chandra Bose and the Creation of India's Political Culture, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 978-1-4128-2154-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=prfVHxySTf4C
- Morris, Paul; Shimazu, Naoko; Vickers, Edward (2014), Imagining Japan in Post-war East Asia: Identity Politics, Schooling and Popular Culture, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-68490-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=_DUsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195
- Rajani, Muskan (22 August 2017), Ever Wondered Why Subhash Chandra Bose's Marriage Was A Secret Ceremony?, https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/wittyfeed+india-epaper-witty/ever+wondered+why+subhash+chandra+bose+s+marriage+was+a+secret+ceremony-newsid-72142828, ανακτήθηκε στις 28 December 2018
- Santhanam, Kausalya (1 March 2001), Wearing the mantle with grace, The Hindu, http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/01/stories/1301078a.htm, ανακτήθηκε στις 31 December 2013
- Sengupta, Hindol (2018), The Man Who Saved India, Penguin Random House India Private Limited, ISBN 9789353052003
- Talbot, Ian (2016), A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-19694-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ
Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι
[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]- Netaji Research Bureau Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2019-04-21 στο Wayback Machine.
- Declassified papers at the National Archives of India
- Subhas Chandra Bose family Tree Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2021-02-24 στο Wayback Machine.
- Έργα της/του ή για την/τον Σουμπάς Τσάντρα Μπος στο Internet Archive
- Σουμπάς Τσάντρα Μπος στην IMDb